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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
Radiation
The Radiation Model is the gateway, or entry point to all of the radiation modeling capabilities of Simcenter STAR-CCM+. This section describes Simcenter STAR-CCM+’s radiation modeling.
Radiation Model Reference
The Radiation model is a prerequisite for any other radiation models.
Volumetric Radiation Exchange Reference
Participating Media radiation, also called DOM because of the use of the Discrete Ordinate Method, passes through media that can absorb, emit, or scatter thermal radiation.

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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
- Defining Physics Workflow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ contains a wide range of physics models and methods for the simulation of single- and multi-phase fluid flow, heat transfer, turbulence, solid stress, dynamic fluid body interaction, aeroacoustics, and related phenomena. These physics models are all selected using a physics continuum.
- Setting Up Physics
  This section provides information on how to set up physics models in STAR-CCM+.
- Running Physics Simulations
  This part of the documentation describes preparation and procedures for running a Simcenter STAR-CCM+ simulation.
- Motion
  In general, motion can be defined as the change in position of a body with respect to a certain reference frame.
- Space
  The primary function of the Space models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide methods for computing and accessing mesh metrics. Examples of mesh metrics include cell volume and centroid, face area and centroid, cell and face indexes, and skewness angle.
- Time
  The primary function of the time models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide solvers that control the iteration and/or unsteady time-stepping.
- Mesh Motion and Adaption
  Many simulations that involve motion or geometry change require you to move or deform the mesh. Other simulations require localized mesh adaption in order to achieve an accurate solution.
- Materials
  Material models simulate substances, including various mixtures.
- Fluid Flow
  Many engineering design projects require you to predict the effect of flowing fluids on containing structures or immersed objects. While you can analyse simple scenarios with hand calculations, complex scenarios require you to apply numerical methods for accurate solutions.
- Viscous Flow
  Viscous Flow is a finite element approach for use with viscoelastic materials and other highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids, such as liquid plastics and rubber, dough and similar foodstuffs, molten glass, and mud. Viscoelastic materials resemble elastic materials, but also exhibit viscous effects, rebounding slowly from deformations.
- Passive Scalars
  Passive scalars are user-defined variables of arbitrary value, assigned to fluid phases or individual particles. They are passive because they do not affect the physical properties of the simulation. An intuitive way to think of passive scalars is as tracer dye in a fluid, but with numerical values instead of colors, and with no appreciable mass or volume.
- Heat Transfer
  Heat transfer is the study of energy in transit due to a temperature difference in a medium or between media. Heat transfer extends thermodynamic analysis through the study of the modes of energy transfer and through development of relations to calculate energy transfer rates.
- Species
  This chapter provides information about the chemical species models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+. A species model is activated whenever a multi-component liquid or multi-component gas is chosen from the Material model section of the Physics Model Selection dialog.
- Porous Media
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the transport of a fluid or energy (e.g. heat, electrical charge) through porous materials using the concept that the action of the porous media can be represented using appropriate loss (or 'diffusion') coefficients.
- Adjoint
  The adjoint method is an efficient means to predict the influence of many design parameters and physical inputs on some engineering quantity of interest, that is, on the engineering objective of the simulation. In other words, it provides the sensitivity of the objective (output) with respect to the design variables (input).
- Fans and Blowers
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models for axial and radial fans where classical fan laws apply.
- Virtual Disk Model
  The virtual disk model is based upon the principle of representing propellers, turbines, rotors, fans, and so on, as an actuator disk. The actuator disk treatment is practical when you are concerned about the influence of the rotor/propeller behavior on the flow rather than knowing about the detailed interactions between the flow and the blades of the rotating device.
- Turbulence
  Most fluid flows of engineering interest are characterized by irregularly fluctuating flow quantities.
- Transition
  The term transition refers to the phenomenon of laminar to turbulence transition in boundary layers. A transition model in combination with a turbulence model predicts the onset of transition in a turbulent boundary layer.
- Wall Distance
  Wall distance is a parameter that represents the distance from a cell centroid to the nearest wall face with a non-slip boundary condition. Various physical models require this parameter to account for near-wall effects.
- Radiation
  The Radiation Model is the gateway, or entry point to all of the radiation modeling capabilities of Simcenter STAR-CCM+. This section describes Simcenter STAR-CCM+’s radiation modeling.
  - Radiation Characterization
  - Radiation Properties on Boundaries
    When solving fluid flows in the presence of thermal radiation, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ requires additional input that characterizes the radiation properties of boundary surfaces.
  - Volumetric Radiation Exchange Workflow
    Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides three models for simulating exchange of radiant energy in volumes:
  - Surface Radiation Exchange Workflow
    Using the surface radiation exchange models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+, Surface-to-Surface Radiation and Surface Photon Monte Carlo, you can analyze thermal radiative heat transfer between surfaces that form enclosed spaces. The medium that fills the space between the surfaces is non-participating. That is, it does not absorb, emit, or scatter radiation. Under these circumstances, the radiation properties and the thermal boundary conditions that are imposed on each surface uniquely define the amount of radiation that a surface receives and emits. The surface properties are quantified in terms of emissivity, reflectivity, transmissivity, and radiation temperature. These properties are not dependent on direction; however, they can be dependent on radiation wavelength with the Multiband Radiation model. At the boundaries, you can also specify external radiative energy sources, which can be diffusive (for example daylight) or directional (for example laser beams).
  - Specifying Radiation Properties at Boundaries and Interfaces
    When modeling thermal radiation, inflow, outflow, and wall boundaries, that is, the open and closed boundaries, require the specification of surface materials. These surface materials are defined by the radiation properties emissivity, reflectivity, transmissivity, and optionally, reflection specularity. If you have interfaces within your domain, for example, solid-fluid interfaces, you specify the surface materials at the interface boundaries (not at the interfaces).
  - Radiation Model Reference
    The Radiation model is a prerequisite for any other radiation models.
    - Volumetric Radiation Exchange Reference
      Participating Media radiation, also called DOM because of the use of the Discrete Ordinate Method, passes through media that can absorb, emit, or scatter thermal radiation.
      - Participating Media Radiation (DOM) Model Reference
        Use this model in simulations that include media that can absorb, emit, or scatter thermal radiation.
      - Participating Media Radiation (DOM) Material Properties
        The following values require user input.
      - Participating Media Radiation (Spherical Harmonics) Reference
        The Spherical Harmonics model uses spherical harmonics to describe the directional component of radiation intensity in media that can absorb, emit, or scatter thermal radiation .
      - Gray and Multiband Refraction Model References
        The Refraction models calculate optical refraction at boundaries between a continuum and the environment and at interfaces between continua.
      - Volumetric Photon Monte Carlo (VPMC) Radiation Model Reference
        The Volumetric Photon Monte Carlo (VPMC) method uses probability distributions to model photon transport in a way equivalent to solving the radiative transfer equation (RTE). Given its statistical nature, accuracy and computational cost both increase with the number of photon bundles used in the simulation.
    - Surface Radiation Exchange Reference
      Surface radiation exchange simulations concern only the radiating and absorbing surfaces, not any intervening medium.
    - Surface Materials Model Reference
      The Surface Materials model allows you to define individual surface materials. For each surface material, you can specify different radiation properties, namely emissivity, transmissivity, reflectivity, and reflection specularity. You then assign the surface materials to those boundaries that participate in radiative energy transfer. For the purpose of reuse, you can add surface materials and their radiation properties to the Surface Materials database.
    - Radiation Spectrum Models
  - Modeling Solar Radiation Loads
    Thermal radiative exchange with the solar environment includes both direct and diffuse components.
  - Radiation Field Functions Reference
- Aeroacoustics
  Aeroacoustics investigates the aerodynamic generation of sound.
- Reacting Flow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides a selection of models that you can use to simulate a wide range of reacting flow applications.
- Internal Combustion Engines
  In an internal combustion engine (ICE), for example a gasoline engine, the process of combustion takes place in a cylinder (or cylinders) within the engine. The working fluid is a fuel and oxidizer mixture (usually air), which reacts to form combustion products.
- Multiphase Flow
  Multiphase flow is a term which refers to the flow and interaction of several phases within the same system where distinct interfaces exist between the phases. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ considers flow options where phases coexist as: gas bubbles in liquid, liquid droplets in gas, and/or solid particles in gas or liquid, and/or (large scale) free surface flows.
- Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction
  Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI) in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the motion of a 6-DOF body with the displacement and rotation resulting from the defined mechanical and multiphysics interaction (flow, DEM, solid stress, EMAG).
- Harmonic Balance
  Some unsteady flows have a regularly repeating flow pattern, that is, they are time-periodic. Consider the flow from a fan blade passing across the entrance to a duct. Measurements of the instantaneous flow just within the duct would show a regularly repeating pattern. If the flow disturbances are sufficiently large, and propagate to the end of the duct, measurements of the unsteady flow at any point within the duct show repeating patterns. Such time-periodic patterns can be expressed using Fourier series.
- Solid Stress
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model the response of a solid continuum to applied loads, including mechanical loads and thermal loads that result from changes in the solid temperature.
- Electromagnetism
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model engineering applications involving electromagnetic phenomena. Example applications are electric motors, electric switches, and transformers, which can be modeled based on the classical theory of Electromagnetism.
- Electrochemistry
  Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions which occur due to an imposed electrical charge, or a difference in electrical potential at a boundary between a conductor–such as a metal–and an electrolyte. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models that allow you to simulate batteries, corrosion, etching, and other electrochemical reactions.
- Electric Circuits
  Electrical circuits are conducting loops of interconnected electrical components, such as batteries, power sources, resistors, and inductors.
- Plasma
  Plasma is a state of matter similar to a gas that is composed partially or completely of charged particles such as ions and electrons which are not bound to each other.
- Batteries
  You can simulate batteries in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ using battery cells and battery cycling procedures that are defined either directly in Simcenter STAR-CCM+, or in the external software package Simcenter Battery Design Studio.
- Casting
  Casting simulations are performed using transient multiphase simulations using the VOF model with solidification. Conjugate heat transfer is applied between the solidifying melt and the solid mold.
- Region Sources
  This section provides some guidelines on how to use region sources for some common problems.
- Cell Quality Remediation
  The Cell Quality Remediation model helps you get solutions on a poor-quality mesh. This model identifies poor-quality cells, using a set of predefined criteria, such as Skewness Angle exceeding a certain threshold. Once these cells and their neighbors have been marked, the computed gradients in these cells are modified in such a way as to improve the robustness of the solution.
- Guidelines for Applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+
  This part of the documentation provides guidelines on applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+ models to your applications.
- Common Solvers Reference
  In Simcenter STAR-CCM+, solvers compute the solution during the simulation run.

Volumetric Radiation Exchange Reference

Participating Media radiation, also called DOM because of the use of the Discrete Ordinate Method, passes through media that can absorb, emit, or scatter thermal radiation.

In some cases, thermal radiation can occur only as a surface phenomenon. The media separating the surfaces (such as dry air) are transparent to thermal radiation. Modeling of this type of heat transfer is called Surface-to-Surface (S2S) radiation in Simcenter STAR-CCM+. However, other applications require consideration of participating media. These media can include particles belonging to a Lagrangian phase, provided the Particle Radiation model is active, or particles such as soot, using the soot emission models.

Modeling this type of heat transfer uses the Participating Media Radiation (DOM) model. The main parameter of the model is the accuracy of the angular representation of space around a given cell. The order of the ordinate set, as selected from the Ordinate Sets drop-down list in the corresponding Properties window specifies this accuracy. (See Discrete Ordinate Method Numerical Solution.)

Simcenter STAR-CCM+ accounts for participating media effects by using the Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM). DOM is a numerical model for describing radiative heat transfer in participating media (see Participating Media Radiation). The method offers itself readily to parallelization in Simcenter STAR-CCM+. Some of the basic assumptions of this model are shared with the S2S model as follows:

They both simulate thermal radiation exchange between diffuse/specular surfaces forming a closed set.
The surface radiative properties are quantified in terms of emissivity, specular and diffuse reflectivity, transmissivity, and radiation temperature. These properties do not depend on direction. However, for the Multiband spectrum model, the surface properties can depend on wavelength.

However, the medium that fills the space between the surfaces can also absorb, emit, or scatter radiation. Therefore, the amount of radiation that each surface receives and emits depends on this effect, as well as on the optical properties of the surface and the thermal boundary conditions that are imposed on it. The Participating Media Radiation model lets you control these phenomena by activating material properties with Participating Media Radiation (DOM) Material Properties.