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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
Reacting Flow
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides a selection of models that you can use to simulate a wide range of reacting flow applications.
Interphase
There are many applications that involve the transport of reacting particles, such as calcination and char oxidation. You can simulate the process of interphase reactions using Lagrangian Multiphase, Multiphase or Fluid Film models.
Interphase Reference
This section provides reference material, including properties, sub-nodes, field functions, and other model-specific settings, for the specific reacting flow interphase models.
Coal Moisture Evaporation Model Reference
The Coal Moisture Evaporation model allows the H2O component of the coal particle to lose its mass through a quasi-steady evaporation process.

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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
- Defining Physics Workflow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ contains a wide range of physics models and methods for the simulation of single- and multi-phase fluid flow, heat transfer, turbulence, solid stress, dynamic fluid body interaction, aeroacoustics, and related phenomena. These physics models are all selected using a physics continuum.
- Setting Up Physics
  This section provides information on how to set up physics models in STAR-CCM+.
- Running Physics Simulations
  This part of the documentation describes preparation and procedures for running a Simcenter STAR-CCM+ simulation.
- Motion
  In general, motion can be defined as the change in position of a body with respect to a certain reference frame.
- Space
  The primary function of the Space models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide methods for computing and accessing mesh metrics. Examples of mesh metrics include cell volume and centroid, face area and centroid, cell and face indexes, and skewness angle.
- Time
  The primary function of the time models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide solvers that control the iteration and/or unsteady time-stepping.
- Mesh Motion and Adaption
  Many simulations that involve motion or geometry change require you to move or deform the mesh. Other simulations require localized mesh adaption in order to achieve an accurate solution.
- Materials
  Material models simulate substances, including various mixtures.
- Fluid Flow
  Many engineering design projects require you to predict the effect of flowing fluids on containing structures or immersed objects. While you can analyse simple scenarios with hand calculations, complex scenarios require you to apply numerical methods for accurate solutions.
- Viscous Flow
  Viscous Flow is a finite element approach for use with viscoelastic materials and other highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids, such as liquid plastics and rubber, dough and similar foodstuffs, molten glass, and mud. Viscoelastic materials resemble elastic materials, but also exhibit viscous effects, rebounding slowly from deformations.
- Passive Scalars
  Passive scalars are user-defined variables of arbitrary value, assigned to fluid phases or individual particles. They are passive because they do not affect the physical properties of the simulation. An intuitive way to think of passive scalars is as tracer dye in a fluid, but with numerical values instead of colors, and with no appreciable mass or volume.
- Heat Transfer
  Heat transfer is the study of energy in transit due to a temperature difference in a medium or between media. Heat transfer extends thermodynamic analysis through the study of the modes of energy transfer and through development of relations to calculate energy transfer rates.
- Species
  This chapter provides information about the chemical species models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+. A species model is activated whenever a multi-component liquid or multi-component gas is chosen from the Material model section of the Physics Model Selection dialog.
- Porous Media
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the transport of a fluid or energy (e.g. heat, electrical charge) through porous materials using the concept that the action of the porous media can be represented using appropriate loss (or 'diffusion') coefficients.
- Adjoint
  The adjoint method is an efficient means to predict the influence of many design parameters and physical inputs on some engineering quantity of interest, that is, on the engineering objective of the simulation. In other words, it provides the sensitivity of the objective (output) with respect to the design variables (input).
- Fans and Blowers
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models for axial and radial fans where classical fan laws apply.
- Virtual Disk Model
  The virtual disk model is based upon the principle of representing propellers, turbines, rotors, fans, and so on, as an actuator disk. The actuator disk treatment is practical when you are concerned about the influence of the rotor/propeller behavior on the flow rather than knowing about the detailed interactions between the flow and the blades of the rotating device.
- Turbulence
  Most fluid flows of engineering interest are characterized by irregularly fluctuating flow quantities.
- Transition
  The term transition refers to the phenomenon of laminar to turbulence transition in boundary layers. A transition model in combination with a turbulence model predicts the onset of transition in a turbulent boundary layer.
- Wall Distance
  Wall distance is a parameter that represents the distance from a cell centroid to the nearest wall face with a non-slip boundary condition. Various physical models require this parameter to account for near-wall effects.
- Radiation
  The Radiation Model is the gateway, or entry point to all of the radiation modeling capabilities of Simcenter STAR-CCM+. This section describes Simcenter STAR-CCM+’s radiation modeling.
- Aeroacoustics
  Aeroacoustics investigates the aerodynamic generation of sound.
- Reacting Flow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides a selection of models that you can use to simulate a wide range of reacting flow applications.
  - Reacting Flow Applications
    It is possible to model many different types of reacting flow applications using combinations of the reacting flow models that are provided in Simcenter STAR-CCM+.
  - Reacting Flow General Workflow
    Simcenter STAR-CCM+ supports several types of combustion analysis, each with their own workflow. Use this section to help identify the choice of models that are appropriate for the type of analyses you intend.
  - Reacting Flow General Reference
    Some reference material is common to different sub-sections within the reacting flow material.
  - Reacting Species Transport
    When using Reacting Species Transport models, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ solves transport equations for the mass fractions of all species that are involved in the chemical reactions. These species mass fractions are passed to a separate chemistry solver that returns the amount of product.
  - Flamelet
    Flamelet models avoid the computational expense of complex chemistry calculations by pre-calculating the chemistry in gas-phase laminar flames using simple 0D or 1D geometries with detailed chemical mechanisms. A reduced set of variables are used to parameterize and tabulate the species from these simple flames, which are then interpolated in the 3D simulation of turbulent flames in Simcenter STAR-CCM+.
  - Emissions
    Emissions are unwanted pollutant species that are by-products of reactions. There are two options to model pollutant species in Simcenter STAR-CCM+. When using the Complex Chemistry model, you can include the pollutant species in the chemical mechanism. For all other models, in particular Flamelet models and the Eddy Break-Up (EBU) model, separate transport equations for the pollutant species are solved.
  - Interphase
    There are many applications that involve the transport of reacting particles, such as calcination and char oxidation. You can simulate the process of interphase reactions using Lagrangian Multiphase, Multiphase or Fluid Film models.
    - Interphase Reactions Workflow: Lagrangian Multiphase
      You can simulate reacting particles using the Lagrangian Multiphase Particle Reaction or Coal Combustion models. Liquid multi-component droplets are supported along with multi-component particles and coal particles.
    - Interphase Reactions Workflow: Multiphase
      When defining reactions within an Eulerian phase, you can include species from the Particle or Gas models within a different Eulerian phase that is specified within the same phase interaction.
    - Interphase Reactions Workflow: Fluid Film
      You can simulate chemical reactions between a fluid film phase and the surrounding gas phase using the Interphase Reaction model.
    - Interphase Reference
      This section provides reference material, including properties, sub-nodes, field functions, and other model-specific settings, for the specific reacting flow interphase models.
      - Particle Reaction Model Reference
        The Particle Reaction model allows you to simulate processes in which one or more solid components react with one or more gas-phase and/or liquid-phase components to form solid, liquid, and/or gas-phase products.
      - Particle Devolatilization Model Reference
        The Particle Devolatilization model controls the process by which one or more solid reactants (such as raw coal) are converted to gaseous combustible material (volatile matter) and solid char residue.
      - Particle Reactions Reference
        You can define Particle Reactions under the Particle Reaction or Particle Devolatilization nodes.
      - Coal Combustion Model Reference
        There are several Lagrangian phase models available to select alongside the Coal Combustion model for simulating coal combustion in Simcenter STAR-CCM+.
      - Coal Moisture Evaporation Model Reference
        The Coal Moisture Evaporation model allows the H2O component of the coal particle to lose its mass through a quasi-steady evaporation process.
      - Interphase Reaction Model Reference - Eulerian Phases
        You can use the Interphase Reaction model to define reactions that result in mass transfer between different Eulerian phases.
      - Interphase Reaction Model Reference - Fluid Film
        You can use the Interphase Reaction model to define reactions between multi-component fluid film phases and neighbouring multi-component gas phases.
  - Intraphase
    You can simulate reactions that occur within one Eulerian phase using Flamelet or Reacting Species Transport combustion models in that phase.
  - Surface Chemistry
    The Surface Chemistry model is used to represent surface reaction mechanisms on interfaces, boundaries, or surfaces in porous regions. You can use this model to simulate applications such as monolithic catalysts, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and packed bed reactors.
  - Reacting Channels
    The Reacting Channel Coupling feature provides the ability to exchange data between a three-dimensional Simcenter STAR-CCM+ simulation and a one-dimensional Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) simulation which uses the CVODE solver. You can use the Reacting Channel co-simulation model in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ to solve reacting flow simulations in tubular heat exchangers with channels that are long and thin.
  - Reactor Network
    You can reduce the computational cost of solving complex chemistry for each cell in the computational domain of a steady combustor by simulating with an economical combustion model—such as a flamelet model, or the Eddy Break-Up (EBU) model—then clustering cells into a specified number of reactors and solving detailed chemistry on this network of reactors.
  - Common Reacting Flow Actions
    This section contains short sets of instructions that describe how to perform some of the actions which are common to several of the reacting flow detailed workflows.
- Internal Combustion Engines
  In an internal combustion engine (ICE), for example a gasoline engine, the process of combustion takes place in a cylinder (or cylinders) within the engine. The working fluid is a fuel and oxidizer mixture (usually air), which reacts to form combustion products.
- Multiphase Flow
  Multiphase flow is a term which refers to the flow and interaction of several phases within the same system where distinct interfaces exist between the phases. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ considers flow options where phases coexist as: gas bubbles in liquid, liquid droplets in gas, and/or solid particles in gas or liquid, and/or (large scale) free surface flows.
- Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction
  Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI) in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the motion of a 6-DOF body with the displacement and rotation resulting from the defined mechanical and multiphysics interaction (flow, DEM, solid stress, EMAG).
- Harmonic Balance
  Some unsteady flows have a regularly repeating flow pattern, that is, they are time-periodic. Consider the flow from a fan blade passing across the entrance to a duct. Measurements of the instantaneous flow just within the duct would show a regularly repeating pattern. If the flow disturbances are sufficiently large, and propagate to the end of the duct, measurements of the unsteady flow at any point within the duct show repeating patterns. Such time-periodic patterns can be expressed using Fourier series.
- Solid Stress
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model the response of a solid continuum to applied loads, including mechanical loads and thermal loads that result from changes in the solid temperature.
- Electromagnetism
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model engineering applications involving electromagnetic phenomena. Example applications are electric motors, electric switches, and transformers, which can be modeled based on the classical theory of Electromagnetism.
- Electrochemistry
  Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions which occur due to an imposed electrical charge, or a difference in electrical potential at a boundary between a conductor–such as a metal–and an electrolyte. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models that allow you to simulate batteries, corrosion, etching, and other electrochemical reactions.
- Electric Circuits
  Electrical circuits are conducting loops of interconnected electrical components, such as batteries, power sources, resistors, and inductors.
- Plasma
  Plasma is a state of matter similar to a gas that is composed partially or completely of charged particles such as ions and electrons which are not bound to each other.
- Batteries
  You can simulate batteries in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ using battery cells and battery cycling procedures that are defined either directly in Simcenter STAR-CCM+, or in the external software package Simcenter Battery Design Studio.
- Casting
  Casting simulations are performed using transient multiphase simulations using the VOF model with solidification. Conjugate heat transfer is applied between the solidifying melt and the solid mold.
- Region Sources
  This section provides some guidelines on how to use region sources for some common problems.
- Cell Quality Remediation
  The Cell Quality Remediation model helps you get solutions on a poor-quality mesh. This model identifies poor-quality cells, using a set of predefined criteria, such as Skewness Angle exceeding a certain threshold. Once these cells and their neighbors have been marked, the computed gradients in these cells are modified in such a way as to improve the robustness of the solution.
- Guidelines for Applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+
  This part of the documentation provides guidelines on applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+ models to your applications.
- Common Solvers Reference
  In Simcenter STAR-CCM+, solvers compute the solution during the simulation run.

Coal Moisture Evaporation Model Reference

The Coal Moisture Evaporation model allows the H2O component of the coal particle to lose its mass through a quasi-steady evaporation process.

The coal particle is assumed to be initially coated with moisture so that a single-component evaporation treatment is appropriate. The driving force for evaporation of this layer is the departure from equilibrium of the liquid-vapor system. In coal combustion, the moisture evaporation is usually heat-transfer limited and takes place rapidly. The devolatilization and char oxidation reactions occur after the moisture has evaporated.

The formulation is that of the Quasi-Steady Single-Component Droplet Evaporation model as applied to a water droplet, and the associated Sherwood and Nusselt numbers are calculated using the Ranz-Marshall correlation.

Table 1. Coal Moisture Evaporation Model Reference
Theory	See Droplet Evaporation
Provided By	[Lagrangian Phase] > Models > Moisture Evaporation
Example Node Path	[physics continuum] > Models > Lagrangian Multiphase > Lagrangian Phases > [Phase 1] > Models > Coal Moisture Evaporation
Requires	In the continuous phase, either:
	Material: Gas Flow: any Optional Models: Lagrangian Multiphase		Material: Multi-Component Gas Reaction Regime: Non-reacting Flow: any Optional Models: Lagrangian Multiphase
	Then, in a Lagrangian phase: Particle Type: Material Particles Material: Multi-Component Coal Mass Transfer: Coal Combustion
Activates	Field Functions	Coal Moisture Latent Heat of Vaporization (H2O), Coal Moisture Saturation Pressure (H2O). See Field Functions.

Field Functions

Coal Moisture Latent Heat of Vaporization (H2O)
Coal Moisture Saturation Pressure (H2O)