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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
Electromagnetism
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model engineering applications involving electromagnetic phenomena. Example applications are electric motors, electric switches, and transformers, which can be modeled based on the classical theory of Electromagnetism.
Physics Models Reference
Magnetic Vector Potential Reference
Linear Permanent Magnet General Model Reference
The Linear Permanent Magnet model allows you to model the effects of the magnetic fields induced by permanent magnets.
Alpha-Beta Scaling Model Reference
This model allows you to control the fitting temperature factors for vertical (alpha) and horizontal (beta) stretching of the demagnetization curves for remanence flux density, magnetic permeability, and knee point flux density. You specify the fitting temperature factors $S_{α} (T)$ and $S_{β} (T)$ by setting the values of four constants, $α_{L}$ , $α_{Q}$ , $β_{L}$ , and $β_{Q}$ , and the standard temperature $T_{s}$ . (See the knee point adjusted scaling method.)

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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
- Defining Physics Workflow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ contains a wide range of physics models and methods for the simulation of single- and multi-phase fluid flow, heat transfer, turbulence, solid stress, dynamic fluid body interaction, aeroacoustics, and related phenomena. These physics models are all selected using a physics continuum.
- Setting Up Physics
  This section provides information on how to set up physics models in STAR-CCM+.
- Running Physics Simulations
  This part of the documentation describes preparation and procedures for running a Simcenter STAR-CCM+ simulation.
- Motion
  In general, motion can be defined as the change in position of a body with respect to a certain reference frame.
- Space
  The primary function of the Space models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide methods for computing and accessing mesh metrics. Examples of mesh metrics include cell volume and centroid, face area and centroid, cell and face indexes, and skewness angle.
- Time
  The primary function of the time models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide solvers that control the iteration and/or unsteady time-stepping.
- Mesh Motion and Adaption
  Many simulations that involve motion or geometry change require you to move or deform the mesh. Other simulations require localized mesh adaption in order to achieve an accurate solution.
- Materials
  Material models simulate substances, including various mixtures.
- Fluid Flow
  Many engineering design projects require you to predict the effect of flowing fluids on containing structures or immersed objects. While you can analyse simple scenarios with hand calculations, complex scenarios require you to apply numerical methods for accurate solutions.
- Viscous Flow
  Viscous Flow is a finite element approach for use with viscoelastic materials and other highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids, such as liquid plastics and rubber, dough and similar foodstuffs, molten glass, and mud. Viscoelastic materials resemble elastic materials, but also exhibit viscous effects, rebounding slowly from deformations.
- Passive Scalars
  Passive scalars are user-defined variables of arbitrary value, assigned to fluid phases or individual particles. They are passive because they do not affect the physical properties of the simulation. An intuitive way to think of passive scalars is as tracer dye in a fluid, but with numerical values instead of colors, and with no appreciable mass or volume.
- Heat Transfer
  Heat transfer is the study of energy in transit due to a temperature difference in a medium or between media. Heat transfer extends thermodynamic analysis through the study of the modes of energy transfer and through development of relations to calculate energy transfer rates.
- Species
  This chapter provides information about the chemical species models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+. A species model is activated whenever a multi-component liquid or multi-component gas is chosen from the Material model section of the Physics Model Selection dialog.
- Porous Media
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the transport of a fluid or energy (e.g. heat, electrical charge) through porous materials using the concept that the action of the porous media can be represented using appropriate loss (or 'diffusion') coefficients.
- Adjoint
  The adjoint method is an efficient means to predict the influence of many design parameters and physical inputs on some engineering quantity of interest, that is, on the engineering objective of the simulation. In other words, it provides the sensitivity of the objective (output) with respect to the design variables (input).
- Fans and Blowers
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models for axial and radial fans where classical fan laws apply.
- Virtual Disk Model
  The virtual disk model is based upon the principle of representing propellers, turbines, rotors, fans, and so on, as an actuator disk. The actuator disk treatment is practical when you are concerned about the influence of the rotor/propeller behavior on the flow rather than knowing about the detailed interactions between the flow and the blades of the rotating device.
- Turbulence
  Most fluid flows of engineering interest are characterized by irregularly fluctuating flow quantities.
- Transition
  The term transition refers to the phenomenon of laminar to turbulence transition in boundary layers. A transition model in combination with a turbulence model predicts the onset of transition in a turbulent boundary layer.
- Wall Distance
  Wall distance is a parameter that represents the distance from a cell centroid to the nearest wall face with a non-slip boundary condition. Various physical models require this parameter to account for near-wall effects.
- Radiation
  The Radiation Model is the gateway, or entry point to all of the radiation modeling capabilities of Simcenter STAR-CCM+. This section describes Simcenter STAR-CCM+’s radiation modeling.
- Aeroacoustics
  Aeroacoustics investigates the aerodynamic generation of sound.
- Reacting Flow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides a selection of models that you can use to simulate a wide range of reacting flow applications.
- Internal Combustion Engines
  In an internal combustion engine (ICE), for example a gasoline engine, the process of combustion takes place in a cylinder (or cylinders) within the engine. The working fluid is a fuel and oxidizer mixture (usually air), which reacts to form combustion products.
- Multiphase Flow
  Multiphase flow is a term which refers to the flow and interaction of several phases within the same system where distinct interfaces exist between the phases. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ considers flow options where phases coexist as: gas bubbles in liquid, liquid droplets in gas, and/or solid particles in gas or liquid, and/or (large scale) free surface flows.
- Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction
  Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI) in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the motion of a 6-DOF body with the displacement and rotation resulting from the defined mechanical and multiphysics interaction (flow, DEM, solid stress, EMAG).
- Harmonic Balance
  Some unsteady flows have a regularly repeating flow pattern, that is, they are time-periodic. Consider the flow from a fan blade passing across the entrance to a duct. Measurements of the instantaneous flow just within the duct would show a regularly repeating pattern. If the flow disturbances are sufficiently large, and propagate to the end of the duct, measurements of the unsteady flow at any point within the duct show repeating patterns. Such time-periodic patterns can be expressed using Fourier series.
- Solid Stress
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model the response of a solid continuum to applied loads, including mechanical loads and thermal loads that result from changes in the solid temperature.
- Electromagnetism
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model engineering applications involving electromagnetic phenomena. Example applications are electric motors, electric switches, and transformers, which can be modeled based on the classical theory of Electromagnetism.
  - Modeling Electrostatics
    The following steps show how to model electric fields induced by static or quasi-static distributions of electric charges.
  - Modeling Electric Currents
    The following steps outline the recommended workflow for modeling electric currents in conducting media.
  - Modeling Magnetic Fields
    The following steps outline the recommended workflow for modeling magnetic fields induced by electric currents, excitation coils, and permanent magnets.
  - Modeling Ohmic Heating
    Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to calculate the heat that is generated by electric currents flowing in resistive materials. You can use the Ohmic Heating model in combination with an energy model.
  - Modeling Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD)
    In electromagnetic applications involving electrically conducting fluids, such as molten metals, electrolytes, and plasmas, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to account for the interaction between the conducting fluid and the magnetic field.
  - Airgap Remeshing
    Electromagnetic simulations require a conformal mesh across all interfaces. In simulations that involve regions in relative motion, you can keep the mesh conformal at every time-step using the airgap remeshing technique. With this technique, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ keeps the mesh conformal by regenerating the mesh near the sliding interface in every time-step.
  - Physics Models Reference
    - Electrostatic Potential Model Reference
      The Electrostatic Potential model allows you to calculate the electric field induced by a charge distribution.
    - Electrodynamic Potential Models Reference
    - Electric Potential Solver Reference
      The Electric Potential solver controls the solution of the electric potential in electrostatic and electrodynamic simulations.
    - Magnetic Vector Potential Reference
      - Finite Element Magnetic Vector Potential Model Reference
        The Finite Element Magnetic Vector Potential model allows you to model magnetic fields using the FE (finite element) approach.
      - Harmonic Balance FE Magnetic Vector Potential Model Reference
        The Harmonic Balance FE Magnetic Vector Potential model allows you to model magnetic fields with harmonic time-dependance using the finite element approach.
      - Finite Element Excitation Coil Model Reference
        In simulations that use the Finite Element Magnetic Vector Potential model, the Finite Element Excitation Coil model allows you to model the effect of stranded coils.
      - Finite Volume Magnetic Vector Potential Model Reference
        The Finite Volume Magnetic Vector Potential model allows you to model magnetic fields using the FV (finite volume) approach.
      - Harmonic Balance FV Magnetic Vector Potential Model Reference
        The Harmonic Balance FV Magnetic Vector Potential model allows you to model magnetic fields with harmonic time-dependance using the finite volume approach.
      - Transverse Magnetic Potential Model Reference
        The Transverse Magnetic Potential model allows you to model transverse-magnetic modes, that is, magnetic fields which lie on a 2D domain.
      - Harmonic Balance FV Transverse Magnetic Potential Model Reference
        The Harmonic Balance FV Transverse Magnetic Potential model allows you to model transverse-magnetic modes (that is, magnetic fields that lie on a 2D domain) with single harmonic time dependence using the finite volume approach.
      - Linear Permanent Magnet General Model Reference
        The Linear Permanent Magnet model allows you to model the effects of the magnetic fields induced by permanent magnets.
        Permanent Magnet Model Reference
        The Permanent Magnet model allows you to select and activate the available models for permanent magnets.
        Alpha-Beta Scaling Model Reference
        This model allows you to control the fitting temperature factors for vertical (alpha) and horizontal (beta) stretching of the demagnetization curves for remanence flux density, magnetic permeability, and knee point flux density. You specify the fitting temperature factors $S_{α} (T)$ and $S_{β} (T)$ by setting the values of four constants, $α_{L}$ , $α_{Q}$ , $β_{L}$ , and $β_{Q}$ , and the standard temperature $T_{s}$ . (See the knee point adjusted scaling method.)
      - Demagnetization Indication Model Reference
        The Demagnetization Indication model allows you to determine when a permanent magnet is at risk of demagnetization.
      - Excitation Coil Model Reference
        In finite volume simulations, the Excitation Coil model allows you to model the electric current density that is produced by an excitation coil in solid materials.
      - Eddy Current Suppression Model Reference
        The Eddy Current Suppression model allows you to neglect eddy currents when computing the magnetic vector potential.
      - Excitation Coil Lumped Parameter Model Reference
        The Excitation Coil Lumped Parameter model allows you to extract the lumped parameters of a coil region, that is, the coil resistance and inductance.
      - Modified Steinmetz Model Reference
        The Modified Steinmetz model allows you to model hysteresis and eddy-current losses.
    - Ohmic Heating Model Reference
      The Ohmic Heating model solves for the heat that is generated in a conducting material due to the flow of electric current. This effect is often referred to as the Joule effect.
    - One-Way Coupled MHD Model Reference
      The One-Way Coupled MHD model accounts for the interaction between an electrically conducting fluid and the magnetic field. You define the magnetic field by prescribing the magnetic flux density within the fluid region.
    - Two-Way Coupled MHD Model Reference
      The Two-Way Coupled MHD model accounts for the interaction between an electrically conducting fluid and the magnetic field. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ calculates the magnetic field within the fluid region from the magnetic vector potential.
    - Airgap Remeshing Model Reference
      The Airgap Remeshing model allows you to maintain conformal meshes between regions that are in relative motion. To keep the mesh conformal, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ regenerates the mesh at each side of the sliding interface at every time-step.
  - Using the Circuit Model
    The Circuit model lets you model a circuit with specified circuit elements and circuit connections. Selecting this model activates the circuit solver in the physics continuum.
  - Accessing Electromagnetism Constants through the Java API
    The Java API defines several compile-time constant expressions, which are common for electrodynamics. These constants can be accessed in a Java macro.
  - Troubleshooting
    This section contains troubleshooting information.
- Electrochemistry
  Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions which occur due to an imposed electrical charge, or a difference in electrical potential at a boundary between a conductor–such as a metal–and an electrolyte. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models that allow you to simulate batteries, corrosion, etching, and other electrochemical reactions.
- Electric Circuits
  Electrical circuits are conducting loops of interconnected electrical components, such as batteries, power sources, resistors, and inductors.
- Plasma
  Plasma is a state of matter similar to a gas that is composed partially or completely of charged particles such as ions and electrons which are not bound to each other.
- Batteries
  You can simulate batteries in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ using battery cells and battery cycling procedures that are defined either directly in Simcenter STAR-CCM+, or in the external software package Simcenter Battery Design Studio.
- Casting
  Casting simulations are performed using transient multiphase simulations using the VOF model with solidification. Conjugate heat transfer is applied between the solidifying melt and the solid mold.
- Region Sources
  This section provides some guidelines on how to use region sources for some common problems.
- Cell Quality Remediation
  The Cell Quality Remediation model helps you get solutions on a poor-quality mesh. This model identifies poor-quality cells, using a set of predefined criteria, such as Skewness Angle exceeding a certain threshold. Once these cells and their neighbors have been marked, the computed gradients in these cells are modified in such a way as to improve the robustness of the solution.
- Guidelines for Applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+
  This part of the documentation provides guidelines on applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+ models to your applications.
- Common Solvers Reference
  In Simcenter STAR-CCM+, solvers compute the solution during the simulation run.

Alpha-Beta Scaling Model Reference

This model allows you to control the fitting temperature factors for vertical (alpha) and horizontal (beta) stretching of the demagnetization curves for remanence flux density, magnetic permeability, and knee point flux density. You specify the fitting temperature factors $S_{α} (T)$ and $S_{β} (T)$ by setting the values of four constants, $α_{L}$ , $α_{Q}$ , $β_{L}$ , and $β_{Q}$ , and the standard temperature $T_{s}$ . (See the knee point adjusted scaling method.)


Theory	See Alpha-Beta Scaling.
Provided By	[physics continuum] > Models > Permanent Magnet Specification
Example Node Path	Continua > Physics 1 > Models > Alpha-Beta Scaling
Requires	Electromagnetism: Finite Element Magnetic Vector Potential Optional Models: Permanent Magnet
Activates	Physics Models	Energy
	Material Properties	Alpha-Beta Scaling, Knee Point Flux Density, Magnetic Permeability, Remanence Flux Density. See Alpha-Beta Scale Materials and Methods.

Alpha-Beta Scale Materials and Methods

Alpha-Beta Scaling

Allows you to specify the temperature factors

S_{α} (T)

and

S_{β} (T)

by setting

α_{L}

,

α_{Q}

,

β_{L}

,

β_{Q}

and a standard temperature

T_{s}

. See the B-H curve of the permanent magnet. As the software sets no constraints on these values, make sure they are realistic.

See also Knee-Point Temperature Adjusted Scaling.

Method	Corresponding Method Node
Alpha-Beta	Alpha-Beta Allows you to set the following quantities from Eqn. (4318): Reference Temperature $T_{s}$ Alpha Linear $α_{L}$ Alpha Quadratic $α_{Q}$ Beta Linear $β_{L}$ Beta Quadratic $β_{Q}$

Magnetic Permeability

Method	Corresponding Method Node
Alpha-Beta This is the only method available when the Alpha-Beta Scaling model is active.	Alpha-Beta Value specifies $μ$ in Eqn. (4220).

Remanence Flux Density

Method	Corresponding Method Node
Alpha-Beta This is the only method available when the Alpha-Beta Scaling model is active.	Alpha-Beta Value specifies $B_{r}$ in Eqn. (4312).