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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
Heat Transfer
Heat transfer is the study of energy in transit due to a temperature difference in a medium or between media. Heat transfer extends thermodynamic analysis through the study of the modes of energy transfer and through development of relations to calculate energy transfer rates.
Thin Film: Deicing and Defogging
The Thin Film model provides a simplified approach for simulating deicing or defogging inside a cabin windshield or other surface. It addresses cases where the only features of interest about the ice or fog layer are where the layer is distributed and how thick it is. It assumes that the thickness is negligible compared to cell size.
What Is the Defogging Solver?
This solver, which has properties and is subject to common menu items, controls the solution of the Defogging model in all the continua for which the model is activated.

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Physics Simulation
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can model a wide range of physics phenomena including fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, electromagnetism, and chemical reactions. Scenarios with multiple time scales can be solved within the same simulation.
- Defining Physics Workflow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ contains a wide range of physics models and methods for the simulation of single- and multi-phase fluid flow, heat transfer, turbulence, solid stress, dynamic fluid body interaction, aeroacoustics, and related phenomena. These physics models are all selected using a physics continuum.
- Setting Up Physics
  This section provides information on how to set up physics models in STAR-CCM+.
- Running Physics Simulations
  This part of the documentation describes preparation and procedures for running a Simcenter STAR-CCM+ simulation.
- Motion
  In general, motion can be defined as the change in position of a body with respect to a certain reference frame.
- Space
  The primary function of the Space models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide methods for computing and accessing mesh metrics. Examples of mesh metrics include cell volume and centroid, face area and centroid, cell and face indexes, and skewness angle.
- Time
  The primary function of the time models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ is to provide solvers that control the iteration and/or unsteady time-stepping.
- Mesh Motion and Adaption
  Many simulations that involve motion or geometry change require you to move or deform the mesh. Other simulations require localized mesh adaption in order to achieve an accurate solution.
- Materials
  Material models simulate substances, including various mixtures.
- Fluid Flow
  Many engineering design projects require you to predict the effect of flowing fluids on containing structures or immersed objects. While you can analyse simple scenarios with hand calculations, complex scenarios require you to apply numerical methods for accurate solutions.
- Viscous Flow
  Viscous Flow is a finite element approach for use with viscoelastic materials and other highly viscous non-Newtonian fluids, such as liquid plastics and rubber, dough and similar foodstuffs, molten glass, and mud. Viscoelastic materials resemble elastic materials, but also exhibit viscous effects, rebounding slowly from deformations.
- Passive Scalars
  Passive scalars are user-defined variables of arbitrary value, assigned to fluid phases or individual particles. They are passive because they do not affect the physical properties of the simulation. An intuitive way to think of passive scalars is as tracer dye in a fluid, but with numerical values instead of colors, and with no appreciable mass or volume.
- Heat Transfer
  Heat transfer is the study of energy in transit due to a temperature difference in a medium or between media. Heat transfer extends thermodynamic analysis through the study of the modes of energy transfer and through development of relations to calculate energy transfer rates.
  - Heat Conduction
    Heat conduction is the flow of internal energy from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature by the interaction of the adjacent particles (for example, atoms, molecules, ions, or electrons) in the intervening space. This flow can be viewed as the transfer of energy from the more energetic particles to the less energetic particles of a substance due to interactions between the particles.
  - Convective Heat Transfer
    Convective heat transfer is the transfer of thermal energy by the movement of a fluid. In engineering practice, it is used to provide specific temperature changes. Examples include heat exchangers, electronic device cooling, and cooling of turbine blades.
  - Thermal Radiation
    Thermal radiation is the emission of electromagnetic waves from all matter that has a temperature greater than absolute zero, and represents a conversion of thermal energy into electromagnetic energy. It is generated by the thermal motion of charged particles in matter, which results in charge-acceleration and dipole oscillation. This drives the electrodynamic generation of coupled electric and magnetic fields, which cause the emission of thermal radiation.
  - Heat Transfer in Solids
    Simcenter STAR-CCM+ solves the governing equation for energy transport within a solid using either the finite volume method or the finite element method.
  - Conjugate Heat Transfer
    Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model the simultaneous, coupled heat transfer between a fluid and an adjoining solid via a solid-fluid interface. The following diagram shows an example application where you calculate the heat transfer between a fluid flowing inside of a solid pipe.
  - Thermal Comfort
    Thermal comfort refers to the level of satisfaction that a human has with the environmental conditions in his or her surroundings. Achieving and maintaining thermal comfort is a key goal of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning) system design and operation.
  - Guidelines for Heat Transfer Coefficients
    This section discusses the recommendations for accurate use of the Standard Wall Functions and the built-in post-processing heat transfer coefficients.
  - Boiling
    Boiling is a rapid vaporization of a liquid. It typically takes place when a liquid is heated up to temperatures that exceed the boiling temperature of the liquid.
  - Thin Film: Deicing and Defogging
    The Thin Film model provides a simplified approach for simulating deicing or defogging inside a cabin windshield or other surface. It addresses cases where the only features of interest about the ice or fog layer are where the layer is distributed and how thick it is. It assumes that the thickness is negligible compared to cell size.
    - What Is the Deicing Model?
      The Deicing model, which is made available by the Thin Film model, is a simplified approach to obtain deicing on a windshield or other surface.
    - What Is the Defogging Model?
      The Defogging model, which is made available by the Thin Film model, is a simplified approach to obtaining a defogging simulation inside a cabin windshield or surface.
    - Selecting the Thin Film Model
    - What Is the Deicing Solver?
      This solver, which is subject to common menu items, controls the solution of the Deicing model in all the continua for which the model is activated.
    - What Is the Defogging Solver?
      This solver, which has properties and is subject to common menu items, controls the solution of the Defogging model in all the continua for which the model is activated.
    - Boundary Conditions Reference
      This section details boundary conditions that are available for the Thin Film model.
    - Boundary Values and Initial Conditions Reference
      This section contains reference descriptions of boundary and initial condition values that are available for the Thin Film model.
    - Thin Film Field Functions Reference
      The following field functions are made available to the simulation when the Thin Film model is used with the Defogging model.
  - Heat Exchangers
    Heat Exchangers in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ model the heat transfer between two fluid streams—a hot and a cold stream (such as in radiators and air coolers). This section describes how to use the single stream and dual stream heat exchanger options in Simcenter STAR-CCM+.
  - Designing a Heat Transfer Optimization Study
    In mathematics, optimization is the selection of the best element (with respect to some criteria) from a set of available alternatives. In the simplest case, an optimization problem consists of maximizing or minimizing a real function (that is, the objective function) by systematically choosing input values from within an allowed set and computing the value of the function.
  - Energy Reference
    This section provides reference information that is common to the energy models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+.
  - Fluid Energy Reference
  - Solid Energy Reference
  - Heat Transfer Field Functions Reference
  - Energy Formulation
- Species
  This chapter provides information about the chemical species models in Simcenter STAR-CCM+. A species model is activated whenever a multi-component liquid or multi-component gas is chosen from the Material model section of the Physics Model Selection dialog.
- Porous Media
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the transport of a fluid or energy (e.g. heat, electrical charge) through porous materials using the concept that the action of the porous media can be represented using appropriate loss (or 'diffusion') coefficients.
- Adjoint
  The adjoint method is an efficient means to predict the influence of many design parameters and physical inputs on some engineering quantity of interest, that is, on the engineering objective of the simulation. In other words, it provides the sensitivity of the objective (output) with respect to the design variables (input).
- Fans and Blowers
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models for axial and radial fans where classical fan laws apply.
- Virtual Disk Model
  The virtual disk model is based upon the principle of representing propellers, turbines, rotors, fans, and so on, as an actuator disk. The actuator disk treatment is practical when you are concerned about the influence of the rotor/propeller behavior on the flow rather than knowing about the detailed interactions between the flow and the blades of the rotating device.
- Turbulence
  Most fluid flows of engineering interest are characterized by irregularly fluctuating flow quantities.
- Transition
  The term transition refers to the phenomenon of laminar to turbulence transition in boundary layers. A transition model in combination with a turbulence model predicts the onset of transition in a turbulent boundary layer.
- Wall Distance
  Wall distance is a parameter that represents the distance from a cell centroid to the nearest wall face with a non-slip boundary condition. Various physical models require this parameter to account for near-wall effects.
- Radiation
  The Radiation Model is the gateway, or entry point to all of the radiation modeling capabilities of Simcenter STAR-CCM+. This section describes Simcenter STAR-CCM+’s radiation modeling.
- Aeroacoustics
  Aeroacoustics investigates the aerodynamic generation of sound.
- Reacting Flow
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides a selection of models that you can use to simulate a wide range of reacting flow applications.
- Internal Combustion Engines
  In an internal combustion engine (ICE), for example a gasoline engine, the process of combustion takes place in a cylinder (or cylinders) within the engine. The working fluid is a fuel and oxidizer mixture (usually air), which reacts to form combustion products.
- Multiphase Flow
  Multiphase flow is a term which refers to the flow and interaction of several phases within the same system where distinct interfaces exist between the phases. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ considers flow options where phases coexist as: gas bubbles in liquid, liquid droplets in gas, and/or solid particles in gas or liquid, and/or (large scale) free surface flows.
- Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction
  Dynamic Fluid Body Interaction (DFBI) in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to simulate the motion of a 6-DOF body with the displacement and rotation resulting from the defined mechanical and multiphysics interaction (flow, DEM, solid stress, EMAG).
- Harmonic Balance
  Some unsteady flows have a regularly repeating flow pattern, that is, they are time-periodic. Consider the flow from a fan blade passing across the entrance to a duct. Measurements of the instantaneous flow just within the duct would show a regularly repeating pattern. If the flow disturbances are sufficiently large, and propagate to the end of the duct, measurements of the unsteady flow at any point within the duct show repeating patterns. Such time-periodic patterns can be expressed using Fourier series.
- Solid Stress
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model the response of a solid continuum to applied loads, including mechanical loads and thermal loads that result from changes in the solid temperature.
- Electromagnetism
  Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to model engineering applications involving electromagnetic phenomena. Example applications are electric motors, electric switches, and transformers, which can be modeled based on the classical theory of Electromagnetism.
- Electrochemistry
  Electrochemistry is the study of chemical reactions which occur due to an imposed electrical charge, or a difference in electrical potential at a boundary between a conductor–such as a metal–and an electrolyte. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides models that allow you to simulate batteries, corrosion, etching, and other electrochemical reactions.
- Electric Circuits
  Electrical circuits are conducting loops of interconnected electrical components, such as batteries, power sources, resistors, and inductors.
- Plasma
  Plasma is a state of matter similar to a gas that is composed partially or completely of charged particles such as ions and electrons which are not bound to each other.
- Batteries
  You can simulate batteries in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ using battery cells and battery cycling procedures that are defined either directly in Simcenter STAR-CCM+, or in the external software package Simcenter Battery Design Studio.
- Casting
  Casting simulations are performed using transient multiphase simulations using the VOF model with solidification. Conjugate heat transfer is applied between the solidifying melt and the solid mold.
- Region Sources
  This section provides some guidelines on how to use region sources for some common problems.
- Cell Quality Remediation
  The Cell Quality Remediation model helps you get solutions on a poor-quality mesh. This model identifies poor-quality cells, using a set of predefined criteria, such as Skewness Angle exceeding a certain threshold. Once these cells and their neighbors have been marked, the computed gradients in these cells are modified in such a way as to improve the robustness of the solution.
- Guidelines for Applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+
  This part of the documentation provides guidelines on applying Simcenter STAR-CCM+ models to your applications.
- Common Solvers Reference
  In Simcenter STAR-CCM+, solvers compute the solution during the simulation run.

What Is the Defogging Solver?

This solver, which has properties and is subject to common menu items, controls the solution of the Defogging model in all the continua for which the model is activated.

Table 1. Defogging Solver Properties
Under-Relaxation Factor	At each iteration, this property governs the extent to which the old solution is supplanted with the newly computed solution. The default value is 0.9.

Defogging Solver Expert Properties

The properties in the Expert category are designed for use in a temporary “debug” situation, at the expense of simulation accuracy and extra memory usage. It is not recommended that you change any of these properties unless you are thoroughly familiar with the discretization techniques used in Simcenter STAR-CCM+.

Reconstruction Frozen: When On, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ does not update reconstruction gradients with each iteration, but rather uses gradients from the last iteration in which they were updated. Activate Temporary Storage Retained in conjunction with this property. This property is Off by default.
Reconstruction Zeroed: When On, the solver sets reconstruction gradients to zero at the next iteration. This action means that face values used for upwinding (Eqn. (905)) and for computing cell gradients (Eqn. (917) and Eqn. (918)) become first-order estimates. This property is Off by default. If you turn this property Off after having it On, the solver recomputes the gradients on the next iteration.
Solver Frozen: When On, the solver does not update any quantity during an iteration. It is Off by default. This is a debugging option that can result in non-recoverable errors and wrong solutions due to missing storage. See Finite Volume Solvers Reference for details.
Temporary Storage Retained: When On, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ retains additional field data that the solver generates during an iteration. The particular data retained depends on the solver, and becomes available as field functions during subsequent iterations. Off by default.