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Post-Processing
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to post-process the solution after each iteration or time-step, (while the simulation is running), as well as when the simulation completes. For this reason, you generally create post-processing objects before running the simulation. Post-processing objects are also known as analysis objects.
Reporting Results
Reports provide summaries of solution data.
Specific Reports
Some reports in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ are only available in conjunction with specific physical models. For example, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can only compute the acceleration of a rigid body if the simulation contains one or more rigid bodies. The reports manager pop-up menu only exposes reports that Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can compute for the current simulation.
Volume Undersize Fraction
This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) domains, where the Adaptive Multiple Size-Group particle size distribution model is selected for the dispersed phase. Undersize fraction refers to the portion of particles in a sample that are smaller than a certain particle size. The Volume Undersize Fraction report is used for post-processing particle size distributions on a given a volume/region.

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Post-Processing
Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to post-process the solution after each iteration or time-step, (while the simulation is running), as well as when the simulation completes. For this reason, you generally create post-processing objects before running the simulation. Post-processing objects are also known as analysis objects.
- Analysis Workflow
  The key steps in successfully analyzing simulation results are to: (1) be clear on what quantities you want to extract; (2) locate or define surfaces on which to obtain the data; and, (3) present the data in visual scenes or numeric output.
- Data Interpolation
  Most visualization objects such as plots, reports, and scalar displayers allow for smooth and non-smooth values. For example, the contour style for scalar displayers provides a Smooth Filled option (smooth) and a Filled option (non-smooth). The way these values are calculated depends on the discretization method.
- Field Function Interpolation and Interfaces (FV)
  For finite volume meshes, understanding how Simcenter STAR-CCM+ deals with field function data is important for avoiding non-physical results in post-processing at an interface, and to appreciate the difference that smoothing makes when it is applied.
- Accessing Solution Data through Derived Parts
  Although Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can display, analyze, and report simulation data on regions, boundaries, and parts, there are many cases when you want to access data in other entities of the solution space. Derived parts provide a mechanism for defining additional entities on which you can access solution data.
- Visualizing the Solution
  The visualization tools in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ are integrated with the analysis, allowing for the interactive extraction and viewing of solution data from either a running or converged simulation.
- Transient Solution Data
  For transient solutions, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides the simulation history file (.simh) to which you can save selected data while a simulation is running. After the simulation completes, you can load this file and query its states for post-processing.
- Sampling Data Values Using Reports and Monitors
  This workflow incorporates the roles of both reports and monitors.
- Accessing Field Data from Previous Time-Steps or Iterations
  A field history is a type of field monitor that stores a finite number of past values (or samples) of a field function, captured at moments defined by its update policy, for a given set of input regions or boundaries (or both).
- Reporting Results
  Reports provide summaries of solution data.
  - What Is a Report?
    A report presents a computed summary of the current simulation or CPU data. A node represents each report in the simulation tree, each with its own pop-up menu. Report properties, however, vary by report type.
  - System Reports
    System reports provide information related to the running of the simulation.
  - Statistical Reports
    Statistical reports apply statistical functions to scalar data sourced from chosen parts in the simulation.
  - Specific Reports
    Some reports in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ are only available in conjunction with specific physical models. For example, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can only compute the acceleration of a rigid body if the simulation contains one or more rigid bodies. The reports manager pop-up menu only exposes reports that Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can compute for the current simulation.
    - Center of Loads
      The center of loads report identifies a location where the resultant moment from the fluid flow acting on the input parts is zero or as small as possible. This report can consider pressure forces, shear forces, or both. In addition to console output, you can add an annotation to a scene that shows you the computed location of the center of loads.
    - Cyclic Time
      Cyclic Time Units are units of time where the time is specified as angular position with respect to a periodic rotation, such as a crankshaft. Cyclic Time Units are useful for specifying periodic events in simulations of reciprocating and electric machines. Cyclic time reports let you post-process the calculations with these units.
    - DEM Force
      The DEM Force report is similar to the Force report. It reports the force exerted on each part due to interaction with DEM particles, including contribution from DEM particle-wall contacts.
    - DEM Moment
      The DEM Moment report is similar to the Moment report. It reports the moment exerted on each part due to interaction with DEM particles, including contribution from DEM particle-wall contacts.
    - Enclosed Angle
      The enclosed angle report outputs the angle between two direction vectors, each defined in a separate coordinate system which may be subject to motion.
    - Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature
      Reports the equivalent homogeneous temperature (EHT) of the selected manikin parts. This report is used when simulating thermal comfort using the Equivalent Homogeneous Temperature model.
    - Fiala Dynamic Thermal Sensation
      The Fiala Dynamic Thermal Sensation report provides a global metric that allows you to assess the overall thermal comfort of a person. This report is used when simulating thermal comfort using one of the Fiala Thermoregulation models.
    - Fiala Evaporation Heat Rate
      Reports the amount of heat that is lost by a body due to evaporation. This report is used when simulating thermal comfort using one of the Fiala Thermoregulation models.
    - Fiala Metabolic Heat Rate
      Reports the amount of heat that is generated in a body due to metabolic heat generation and transferred to the environment through the skin. This report is used when simulating thermal comfort using one of the Fiala Thermoregulation models.
    - Fiala Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied
      The Fiala Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied report provides a global metric that allows you to assess the overall thermal comfort of a person. This report is used when simulating thermal comfort using one of the Fiala Thermoregulation models.
    - Fiala Respiration Heat Rate
      Reports the heat loss of a body due to respiration. This report is used when simulating thermal comfort using one of the Fiala Thermoregulation models.
    - Force
      The force report is represented in the simulation tree by a node. It has its own properties but is subject to the report node pop-up menu. It also has an expert property for obtaining values using bands.
    - Force (EMP)
      This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) simulations. The Force (EMP) report is similar to the Force report. It reports the moment exerted on each part due to interaction with the EMP phases.
    - Force Coefficient
      The force coefficient report calculates a dimensionless force in a user-specified direction, and can be used for lift and drag calculations.
    - Free Surface Quality
      This report is available only for Volume of Fluid (VOF) multiphase simulations. You use this report to assess the quality (sharpness) of VOF interfaces.
    - Generalized Vibratory Force
      This report type is available only when Harmonic Balance Flutter motion is activated.
    - Heat Exchanger
      There are two types of heat exchanger reports: single and dual stream:
    - Heat Transfer
      The heat transfer report gives the total heat transfer in Watts at a boundary.
    - Isentropic Efficiency Report
      The isentropic efficiency report is available when an Equation of State model, such as Ideal Gas or Real Gas, is selected.
    - Li-Ion Cell
      When modeling charge and discharge processes in Li-ion Battery Cells, this report provides the open circuit voltage (OCV), the state of charge (SOC), and the capacity (CAP), where either the SOC or the OCV can be monitored.
    - Mass Flow
      The mass flow report is represented in the simulation tree by a node which has properties and is subject to the report node’s pop-up menu.
    - Phase Mass Flow
      The phase mass flow report is represented in the simulation tree by a node which has properties and is subject to the report node’s pop-up menu.
    - Moment
      The moment report is represented in the simulation tree by a node, which has its own properties but is subject to the report node’s pop-up menu. It also has an expert property for obtaining values using bands.
    - Moment (EMP)
      This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) domains. The Moment (EMP) report is similar to the Moment report. It reports the moment exerted on each part due to interaction with the EMP phases.
    - Moment Coefficient
      The moment coefficient report is represented in the simulation tree by a node, which has its own properties but is subject to the report node’s pop-up menu. It also has an expert property for obtaining values using bands.
    - Normalized Phase Mass Conservation Error
      This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) simulations. Monitoring the normalized mass conservation error allows you to assess the quality of the solution, identify the section with higher error in mass conservation, and define stopping criteria based on a specified conservation target.
    - Overset Interpolation Quality
      This report is available only when the simulation contains an overset interface between regions. You use this report to monitor the quality of the interpolation for all the acceptor cells over time. With this information, you can detect during which time-steps low quality interpolation occurs.
    - Penetration—Parcel and Vapor
      The Parcel and Vapor Penetration reports return the distance interval that contains a given mass percentage of injected parcels or of vapor arising from injected droplets, measuring from the injection point. In both cases, if the given mass percentage is 90%, the report gives the point with 90% of the mass lying between it and the injection point.
    - Particle Mass Flow
      The particle mass flow report describes the rate at which mass in the form of particles flows across a specified boundary.
    - Particle Remediation
      These reports are available only for Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) multiphase simulations. You use these reports to monitor the number of particles that are removed from the simulation based on the position-based and/or velocity-based criteria defined in the Particle Remediation model.
    - Pressure Correction
      The report calculates the scaled correction to the pressure calculation at the end of each iteration.
    - Pressure Drop
      The report calculates the mass-flow averaged absolute total pressure difference between two groups of boundary surfaces representing the high and low pressure boundaries of the system.
    - Sauter Mean Diameter
      This report type is available only when the Lagrangian Multiphase model is activated.
    - Surface D-value
      This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) domains, where the Adaptive Multiple Size-Group particle size distribution model is selected for the dispersed phase. D-values are used to describe different percentiles of the particle size distribution and provide information about the range and spread of particle sizes in a sample. The Surface D-value report is used for post-processing percentiles of the particle size distribution on a given boundary/surface.
    - Surface Undersize Fraction
      This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) domains, where the Adaptive Multiple Size-Group particle size distribution model is selected for the dispersed phase. Undersize fraction refers to the portion of particles in a sample that are smaller than a certain particle size. The Surface Undersize Fraction report is used for post-processing particle size distributions on a given boundary/surface.
    - Temperature Correction
      The report calculates the scaled correction to the temperature calculation at the end of each iteration. This report becomes available when models for energy, temperature, or enthalpy are used.
    - Thrust
      The thrust report integrates the momentum flux and the pressure force over a specified boundary or derived part.
    - Tumble/Swirl Ratio
      This report is typically used for ICE applications and calculates swirl or tumble (dimensionless).
    - Uniformity Deviation Report
      This report calculates the deviation of the local normal velocity from the area averaged value on a specified set of boundary surfaces or on interfaces.
    - Velocity Correction
      The report calculates the scaled correction to the calculation for the X, Y or Z velocity at the end of each iteration.
    - Volume D-value
      This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) domains, where the Adaptive Multiple Size-Group particle size distribution model is selected for the dispersed phase. D-values are used to describe different percentiles of the particle size distribution and provide information about the range and spread of particle sizes in a sample. The Volume D-value report is used for post-processing percentiles of the particle size distribution on volume/region.
    - Volume Undersize Fraction
      This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) domains, where the Adaptive Multiple Size-Group particle size distribution model is selected for the dispersed phase. Undersize fraction refers to the portion of particles in a sample that are smaller than a certain particle size. The Volume Undersize Fraction report is used for post-processing particle size distributions on a given a volume/region.
    - Work Per Cycle
      This report type is available only when Harmonic Balance Flutter motion is activated.
    - Coal Volatile Matter Yield
      This report type is available only when any of the Raw Coal Devolatilization models is activated.
    - Char Burn Out
      This report type is available only when any of the Raw Char Oxidation models is activated.
  - Expression Report
    The expression report depends on a combination of reports, except for system reports. It works with the field function generated for each report you want to use.
  - Obtaining Statistics from Data in Monitors
    A statistics report allows you to compute statistics from data collected by any monitor that can be plotted, including report monitors, residual monitors, physical time monitors, and the iteration monitor. You can compute the mean, sum, maximum, or minimum values of all or some of the data.
  - Understanding Report Errors
    Error output is available for a subset of commonly used reports—reports that require a field function and a list of parts to be specified by the user.
  - Report Field Functions
    When you create a report, a field function corresponding to that report is added automatically. You can reference this field function in expressions and user-defined field functions.
  - Reporting Additional Field Functions at Maximum or Minimum
    The maximum and minimum reports accept a list of field functions whose values are output at the location of the maximum or minimum value of the primary field function.
  - Using Coordinate Systems with Force and Moment Reports
    Force and moment reports accept a Coordinate System specification that defines the frame of reference for both the Direction property and the computed report value.
  - Using Bands with Force and Moment Reports
    Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can compute force and moment values (in the laboratory coordinate system only) at intermediate band locations across a surface. This computation must be triggered using a Java macro and is not available through the user interface.
  - Working with Parts-Based Interfaces in Reports
    You can report results for parts-based interfaces -- the areas where the surfaces of parts come into contact with each other, or the remainders of those surfaces. Using parts-based interfaces improves performance for simulations that have many parts.
  - Obtaining Whole Domain Reports through Idealizations
    In many engineering simulations, it is common practice to reduce the size of the computational domain using planes of symmetry, axes of rotation (axisymmetry), or periodicity. When you compute reported values, however, you generally want to account for the whole domain in the computation. Using idealizations, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allows you to compute report values for the full model using only the results for the partial model.
  - Options for Excluding Hydrostatic Pressure from Fluid Loads Calculations
    To simplify comparison between different designs, you have an easy option to exclude the hydrostatic contribution from the force calculation, thereby eliminating any dependency on the reference pressure and/or reference height.
  - Reports Bibliography
- Monitoring the Solution
  Monitors sample, save, and plot solution data.
- Plots
  The plotting features in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ allow you to create three kinds of two-dimensional plots.
- Exploring Solutions with Data Focus
  This interactive tool lets you extract knowledge of merit -- information that facilitates a correct engineering decision -- from a large volume of data.
- Parametric Positioning for Analysis Surfaces in Turbomachine Domains
  In studies of cases of revolving volumes, such as turbomachinery, a typical requirement for post-processing is to render and plot data on surfaces or profiles that are positioned parametrically in relation to the domain bounding surfaces. For example, you may wish to view the total pressure on a surface located exactly half-way between the hub and shroud, or you may wish to plot pressure across both blade surfaces on a given slice.
- Triggers and Update Events
  Several features of Simcenter STAR-CCM+ require that you define a trigger for when an action takes place. Simcenter STAR-CCM+ provides three built-in trigger types, and one custom trigger type (defined by an update event).
- Signal Processing
  Signal processing applies data set functions to sets of wave data.

Volume Undersize Fraction

This report is available only for Eulerian Multiphase (EMP) domains, where the Adaptive Multiple Size-Group particle size distribution model is selected for the dispersed phase. Undersize fraction refers to the portion of particles in a sample that are smaller than a certain particle size. The Volume Undersize Fraction report is used for post-processing particle size distributions on a given a volume/region.

In particle size distribution analysis, the undersize fraction $Φ$ as defined in Eqn. (2292) determines the portion of granular material that can pass through a sieve with an aperture size $d$ .

The undersize fraction is an important parameter in particle size distribution analysis as it provides information about the proportion of particles in a sample that are smaller than a given size.

The volume undersize fraction report in Simcenter STAR-CCM+ returns the proportion, by mass, of particles which are smaller than a specified cut diameter $d$ , for a given region in the simulation. These reports are expressed as a percentage or fraction of the total sample. For example, if a sample has 30% undersize fraction at a particle size of 10 μm, it means that 30% of the particles in the sample are smaller than 10 μm.

For additional information, see D-values and Undersize Fractions for AMUSIG.

The volume undersize fraction report is defined as:

Volume Undersize Fraction Report Properties

In addition to constants, you can enter field function syntax directly.


Units	Units that are used for specifying the quantity.
Phase	The phase for which this report is run. Applicable to the dispersed phase that is using the Adaptive Multiple Size-Group particle size distribution model.
Undersize Fraction	The cut diameter $d$ in Eqn. (2293).
Parts	A list of regions that is used as the source for this report. Opens the in-place part selector for editing. The (property customizer) button activates a modeless version of the selector dialog (it lets you interact with other portions of the workspace).

Volume Undersize Fraction Expert Properties


Representation	Selects a representation. Additional selections appear as representations that are added to the simulation.